
\begin{table}[h!]
\caption{Effects on Traffic Congestion. Outcome: Congestion Index, defined as the absolute difference in traffic between directions of a counting station per hour, divided by the station's mean daily traffic. Sample: Border Region, Travel Minutes $<=$ 30, 1997--2015. Baseline Year: 1999. Note: All regressions include year and traffic-station fixed effects.}
\begin{center}
\begin{scriptsize}
\begin{tabular}{l D{)}{)}{9)0} D{)}{)}{9)0} D{)}{)}{9)1} D{)}{)}{9)1} D{)}{)}{9)0} D{)}{)}{9)0} D{)}{)}{9)1} D{)}{)}{8)0}}
\toprule
 & \multicolumn{8}{c}{Traffic Congestion} \\
\cmidrule(lr){2-9}
 & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Model 1} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Model 2} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Model 3} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Model 4} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Model 5} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Model 6} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Model 7} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Model 8} \\
\midrule
0--15 Minutes X Transition  &                         &                         & -0.01 \; (0.01)         & -0.00 \; (0.01)         &                         &                        & -0.01 \; (0.01)         & 0.00 \; (0.01)         \\
0--15 Minutes X Free        &                         &                         & -0.01 \; (0.01)         & 0.03 \; (0.01)^{*}      &                         &                        & -0.01 \; (0.02)         & 0.03 \; (0.02)         \\
0--15 Minutes X 1997        & -0.01 \; (0.02)         & -0.02 \; (0.01)         &                         &                         & -0.03 \; (0.03)         & -0.03 \; (0.02)        &                         &                        \\
0--15 Minutes X 1998        & -0.02 \; (0.02)         & -0.02 \; (0.01)         &                         &                         & -0.03 \; (0.03)         & -0.03 \; (0.02)        &                         &                        \\
0--15 Minutes X 2000        & -0.02 \; (0.01)         & -0.02 \; (0.02)         &                         &                         & -0.04 \; (0.02)         & -0.04 \; (0.03)        &                         &                        \\
0--15 Minutes X 2001        & -0.01 \; (0.01)         & -0.01 \; (0.02)         &                         &                         & -0.03 \; (0.02)         & -0.03 \; (0.03)        &                         &                        \\
0--15 Minutes X 2002        & -0.01 \; (0.01)         & -0.00 \; (0.02)         &                         &                         & -0.02 \; (0.02)         & -0.01 \; (0.03)        &                         &                        \\
0--15 Minutes X 2003        & -0.02 \; (0.02)         & -0.02 \; (0.02)         &                         &                         & -0.02 \; (0.02)         & -0.01 \; (0.03)        &                         &                        \\
0--15 Minutes X 2004        & -0.02 \; (0.01)         & -0.01 \; (0.02)         &                         &                         & -0.02 \; (0.02)         & -0.02 \; (0.03)        &                         &                        \\
0--15 Minutes X 2005        & -0.01 \; (0.01)         & 0.00 \; (0.02)          &                         &                         & -0.02 \; (0.02)         & -0.01 \; (0.03)        &                         &                        \\
0--15 Minutes X 2006        & -0.01 \; (0.01)         & 0.01 \; (0.02)          &                         &                         & -0.01 \; (0.02)         & 0.00 \; (0.03)         &                         &                        \\
0--15 Minutes X 2007        & 0.00 \; (0.01)          & 0.02 \; (0.02)          &                         &                         & -0.01 \; (0.02)         & 0.01 \; (0.03)         &                         &                        \\
0--15 Minutes X 2008        & 0.00 \; (0.01)          & 0.02 \; (0.02)          &                         &                         & -0.00 \; (0.02)         & 0.01 \; (0.03)         &                         &                        \\
0--15 Minutes X 2009        & -0.01 \; (0.01)         & 0.01 \; (0.02)          &                         &                         & -0.02 \; (0.01)         & 0.00 \; (0.03)         &                         &                        \\
0--15 Minutes X 2010        & -0.00 \; (0.01)         & 0.02 \; (0.02)          &                         &                         & -0.01 \; (0.01)         & 0.01 \; (0.03)         &                         &                        \\
0--15 Minutes X 2011        & -0.00 \; (0.01)         & 0.02 \; (0.02)          &                         &                         & -0.00 \; (0.01)         & 0.02 \; (0.03)         &                         &                        \\
0--15 Minutes X 2012        & 0.00 \; (0.01)          & 0.03 \; (0.02)          &                         &                         & -0.00 \; (0.01)         & 0.02 \; (0.03)         &                         &                        \\
0--15 Minutes X 2013        & 0.00 \; (0.00)          & 0.03 \; (0.02)          &                         &                         & 0.00 \; (0.01)          & 0.03 \; (0.04)         &                         &                        \\
0--15 Minutes X 2014        & 0.00 \; (0.00)          & 0.03 \; (0.02)          &                         &                         & 0.00 \; (0.01)          & 0.03 \; (0.04)         &                         &                        \\
0--15 Minutes X 2015        &                         & 0.03 \; (0.02)          &                         &                         &                         & 0.03 \; (0.04)         &                         &                        \\
0--15 Minutes X (year-1997) & 0.00 \; (0.00)          &                         & 0.00 \; (0.00)^{*}      &                         & 0.00 \; (0.00)          &                        & 0.00 \; (0.00)^{*}      &                        \\
\midrule
Linear Trend                & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Yes} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{No}  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Yes} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{No}  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Yes} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{No} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Yes} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{No} \\
Highways Included           & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Yes} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Yes} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Yes} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Yes} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{No}  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{No} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{No}  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{No} \\
Num. obs.                   & 2703                    & 2703                    & 2703                    & 2703                    & 1174                    & 1174                   & 1174                    & 1174                   \\
Num.groups: year            & 19                      & 19                      & 19                      & 19                      & 19                      & 19                     & 19                      & 19                     \\
Num.groups: traffic station & 243                     & 243                     & 243                     & 243                     & 102                     & 102                    & 102                     & 102                    \\
\bottomrule
\multicolumn{9}{l}{\tiny{$^{***}p<0.001$; $^{**}p<0.01$; $^{*}p<0.05$}}
\end{tabular}
\end{scriptsize}
\label{tab:traffic_congestion}
\end{center}
\end{table}
